Big Five Personality Types as Predictors of Gratitude Among Adults
Keywords:
Adults, Gratitude, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience, Neuroticism
Abstract
The present study was aimed to examine the role of personality types on the prediction of gratitude among adults. The gender differences in gratitude were also examined. Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ - 6) (McCullough, Emmons & Tsang, 2002) and Big Five personality inventory (John & Srivastava, 2005) were used for data collection for a sample of adults (N = 200). Independent t-test, Pearson Correlation, and multiple regression were computed for data analysis. Results indicated that extraversion has a significant positive correlation with agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and gratitude and a significant negative correlation with neuroticism. Results also showed that openness has a significant correlation with conscientiousness and gratitude and a significant negative correlation with neuroticism. Also, conscientiousness has a significant correlation with gratitude and a non-significant negative correlation with neuroticism. Neuroticism has a significant negative correlation with gratitude. Multiple regression analysis was computed with personality types as predictor variables and gratitude as an outcome variable. Findings also indicated that extroversion, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness have a significant positive effect on gratitude, while neuroticism has a significant negative effect on gratitude. Therefore, individuals who are social, outgoing open, and helping they inclined to show more gratitude.
References
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Anderson, C., A., & Barlett, C., P. (2011). Direct and indirect relations between the Big 5 personality traits and aggressive and violent behavior”. Personality and Individual Differences 52(5), 870–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.029
Ali, A.Y., (1991). The Holy Quran, text, translation and commentary. New Delhi, India: Kitab Bhavan, Second Reprint.
Allport, G. W. & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47(211), i-171.
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York, NY: Holt.
Allport, G.W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. Oxford, England: Holt.
Reinhart, & Winston, Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Armenta, C. N, Fritz M. M., & Lyubomirsky S. (2016). Functions of positive emotions: gratitude as a motivator of self-improvement and positive change. Emot Rev. 9(3), 183‒190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916669596
Barick, R., Kajtna, T., & Tusak, M. (2004). Personality in high- risk sports athlete. Kineziologija, 36(1), 24-34.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1993). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26
Black, D. Al-Farabi, in Leaman, O. & Nasr, H (2001). History of Islamic philosophy. London, EN: Routledge.
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 887-919.
Bordia, P. & Rind, B. (1995). Effect of server’s thank you and personalization on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 745-751.
Breen, W. E., Froh, J. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Mishra, A, (2009). Gender differences in gratitude: Examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions, and changes in psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 77, 691-730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00562.x
Cattell, R.B. (1965). The scientific analysis of personality. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1995). Domains and facets: Hierarchical personality assessment using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 21-50.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2008). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2010). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
Dean, L. R., Fincham, F. D., Lambert, N. M., & Stillman, T. F. (2009). More gratitude, less materialism: The mediating role of life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 32−42.
Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 56-69.
Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 459-471). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2004). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A Conceptual and Empirical Topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1): 112-127
Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Dimensions of personality: 16, 5, or 3?--Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 773-790.
Feist, G., & Rosenberg, E. (2009). Psychology: Making connections. Jolla, CA: Grantine Hill Publishers.
Funder, D. C., (1997). The personality puzzle. New York, NY: WW Norton & Co.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
Goldberg, L. R. (1981). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 4, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.48.1.26
Gosling, Rentfrow, Peter, J., Samuel, D., Swann, William B (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
Haslam, N., (2007). Introduction to personality and intelligence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York, NY: Wiley.
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P.
John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2, 102–138. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude. Emotion, 8(2), 281.
Kolts, R. L., Stone, T., Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., & Woodward, K. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective wellbeing. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431-452.
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., & Bosacki, S. (2020). Empathy, resilience, and gratitude - does gender make a difference? Anales De Psicologia /Annals of Psychology, 36(3), 521–532. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.391541.
Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (1994). Passion and reason: Making sense of our emotions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Levant, R., & Kopecky, G. (1995). Masculinity reconstructed: Changing the rules of manhood-at work, in relationships, and in family Life. New York, NY: Dutton.
Linley, P. A., Joseph, S., Wood, A. M., & Linley, P. A. (2007). Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 1108−1125.
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (3rd Ed.). New York, NY: Harper and Row.
McAdams, D. P. (2009). The Person; An introduction to the science of personality psychology (5th Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Willey.
Mischel, W. (1999). Integrating dispositions and processing dynamics within a unified theory of personality: The cognitive- affective personality system. Handbook of Personality, Theory and Research, 2, 197- 218
Norris, C. J., Larsen, J. T., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). Neuroticism is associated with larger and more prolonged electrodermal responses to emotionally evocative pictures. Psychophysiology, 44(5), 823–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14698986.2007.00551.x.
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor 54 structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
Pruyser, P.W. (1976). The minister as diagnostician: Personal problems in pastoral perspective. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press.
Rahman, F., (1959). Avicenna’s de Anima. London, EN: Oxford University Press.
Roa-Meggo, Y. (2017). Gender relations and differences between gratitude and personality in university students of Lima-Perú . Psychologia. Avances de la disciplina, 11(1), 49-56.
Rusk, R. D, Vella-Brodrick A. V., & Waters L. (2016). Gratitude or gratefulness? A conceptual review and proposal of the system of appreciative functioning. J Happiness Stud, 17(5), 2191‒2212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9675-z
Schimimmack, Oschi, Furr, & Funder, 2004) Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., Furr, R. M., & Funder, D. C. (2004). Personality and life satisfaction: A facet-level analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1062–1075. Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., Allik, J. (2008).
Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94(1), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/00223514.94.1.168.PMID18179326
Solomon, R. C. (2004). Foreword. In: Emmons RA, McCullough ME, editors. The Psychology of gratitude. New York, NY: Oxford University Press :v‒xii.
Smith, E. E., Atkinson, R. L., & Hilgard, E, R. (2003). Atkinson’s and Hilgard’s introduction to psychology. Belmont, CA: Wardsworth Publication Co.
Thompson, E. R. (2003). Development and validation of an international English big-five mini-markers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013.
Tsang, J. A. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behaviour: An experimental test of gratitude. Cognition & Emotion, 20, 138−148.
Wood, A. M, Froh, J. J., & Geraghty AWA. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev. 30(7), 890‒905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
Adler, M. G., & Fagley, N. S. (2005). Appreciation: Individual differences in finding value and meaning as a unique predictor of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality, 73, 79−114.
Anderson, C., A., & Barlett, C., P. (2011). Direct and indirect relations between the Big 5 personality traits and aggressive and violent behavior”. Personality and Individual Differences 52(5), 870–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.029
Ali, A.Y., (1991). The Holy Quran, text, translation and commentary. New Delhi, India: Kitab Bhavan, Second Reprint.
Allport, G. W. & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47(211), i-171.
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York, NY: Holt.
Allport, G.W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. Oxford, England: Holt.
Reinhart, & Winston, Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Armenta, C. N, Fritz M. M., & Lyubomirsky S. (2016). Functions of positive emotions: gratitude as a motivator of self-improvement and positive change. Emot Rev. 9(3), 183‒190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916669596
Barick, R., Kajtna, T., & Tusak, M. (2004). Personality in high- risk sports athlete. Kineziologija, 36(1), 24-34.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1993). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26
Black, D. Al-Farabi, in Leaman, O. & Nasr, H (2001). History of Islamic philosophy. London, EN: Routledge.
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 887-919.
Bordia, P. & Rind, B. (1995). Effect of server’s thank you and personalization on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 745-751.
Breen, W. E., Froh, J. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Mishra, A, (2009). Gender differences in gratitude: Examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions, and changes in psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 77, 691-730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00562.x
Cattell, R.B. (1965). The scientific analysis of personality. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1995). Domains and facets: Hierarchical personality assessment using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 21-50.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2008). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2010). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
Dean, L. R., Fincham, F. D., Lambert, N. M., & Stillman, T. F. (2009). More gratitude, less materialism: The mediating role of life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 32−42.
Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 56-69.
Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 459-471). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2004). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A Conceptual and Empirical Topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1): 112-127
Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Dimensions of personality: 16, 5, or 3?--Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 773-790.
Feist, G., & Rosenberg, E. (2009). Psychology: Making connections. Jolla, CA: Grantine Hill Publishers.
Funder, D. C., (1997). The personality puzzle. New York, NY: WW Norton & Co.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
Goldberg, L. R. (1981). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 4, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.48.1.26
Gosling, Rentfrow, Peter, J., Samuel, D., Swann, William B (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
Haslam, N., (2007). Introduction to personality and intelligence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York, NY: Wiley.
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P.
John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2, 102–138. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude. Emotion, 8(2), 281.
Kolts, R. L., Stone, T., Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., & Woodward, K. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective wellbeing. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431-452.
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., & Bosacki, S. (2020). Empathy, resilience, and gratitude - does gender make a difference? Anales De Psicologia /Annals of Psychology, 36(3), 521–532. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.391541.
Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (1994). Passion and reason: Making sense of our emotions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Levant, R., & Kopecky, G. (1995). Masculinity reconstructed: Changing the rules of manhood-at work, in relationships, and in family Life. New York, NY: Dutton.
Linley, P. A., Joseph, S., Wood, A. M., & Linley, P. A. (2007). Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 1108−1125.
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (3rd Ed.). New York, NY: Harper and Row.
McAdams, D. P. (2009). The Person; An introduction to the science of personality psychology (5th Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Willey.
Mischel, W. (1999). Integrating dispositions and processing dynamics within a unified theory of personality: The cognitive- affective personality system. Handbook of Personality, Theory and Research, 2, 197- 218
Norris, C. J., Larsen, J. T., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). Neuroticism is associated with larger and more prolonged electrodermal responses to emotionally evocative pictures. Psychophysiology, 44(5), 823–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14698986.2007.00551.x.
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor 54 structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
Pruyser, P.W. (1976). The minister as diagnostician: Personal problems in pastoral perspective. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press.
Rahman, F., (1959). Avicenna’s de Anima. London, EN: Oxford University Press.
Roa-Meggo, Y. (2017). Gender relations and differences between gratitude and personality in university students of Lima-Perú . Psychologia. Avances de la disciplina, 11(1), 49-56.
Rusk, R. D, Vella-Brodrick A. V., & Waters L. (2016). Gratitude or gratefulness? A conceptual review and proposal of the system of appreciative functioning. J Happiness Stud, 17(5), 2191‒2212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9675-z
Schimimmack, Oschi, Furr, & Funder, 2004) Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., Furr, R. M., & Funder, D. C. (2004). Personality and life satisfaction: A facet-level analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1062–1075. Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., Allik, J. (2008).
Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94(1), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/00223514.94.1.168.PMID18179326
Solomon, R. C. (2004). Foreword. In: Emmons RA, McCullough ME, editors. The Psychology of gratitude. New York, NY: Oxford University Press :v‒xii.
Smith, E. E., Atkinson, R. L., & Hilgard, E, R. (2003). Atkinson’s and Hilgard’s introduction to psychology. Belmont, CA: Wardsworth Publication Co.
Thompson, E. R. (2003). Development and validation of an international English big-five mini-markers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013.
Tsang, J. A. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behaviour: An experimental test of gratitude. Cognition & Emotion, 20, 138−148.
Wood, A. M, Froh, J. J., & Geraghty AWA. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev. 30(7), 890‒905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
Published
2022-01-22
How to Cite
Dr. Sajid Mahmood Alvi, Dr. Noman Aftab, & Saira Bano. (2022). Big Five Personality Types as Predictors of Gratitude Among Adults. Journal of Management Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.33152/jmphss-6.1.1
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