Conflictology and Role of State Institutions in Federalism: A Study on Gorkhaland and Balochistan
Keywords:
Balochistan, Democratic Governance, Ethnic Conflicts, Ethnicity, Federalism, Gorkhaland, Identity Crisis & Nationalism, India, Institutionalism, Pakistan, Pluralism
Abstract
Conflicts are a common phenomenon in today’s disorderly world. Ethnic conflicts usually arise in multi-ethnic, pluralistic, or democratic societies. While employing institutional theory, this qualitative study explores the role of institutions in escalating and de-escalating ethnic conflicts through analysis of Gorkhaland and Balochistan ethnic conflicts in India and Pakistan, respectively. Both conflict-prone regions hold significant geo-strategic importance for their countries and share common grievances ranging from political marginalization, identity crisis, structural inequalities, denial of democracy, and enduring state antagonism. Since federalism is considered a golden road towards sustainable ethnic peace, a deep understanding of both conflicts’ nature, synthesis, underpinning factors, and the contemporary situation is pivotal for advancing informed political discourse. The study follows a desk research method for data collection and a descriptive approach for synthesizing the facts gathered from secondary sources, including the grey literature. The study informs that the suppression of dissenting voices doesn’t resolve ethnic conflicts instead adds insult to injuries. The study concludes that as long as the non-democratic policies of the governments are in place, this ethno-regional agenda would continue to be a significant issue in the politics of both federal states – India and Pakistan. The study implies that both countries should volte-face their state policy towards their respective conflict-prone regions to sustain a socially cohesive, economically viable, and politically stable society. The study also presents several contributions coupled with limitations and future research directions.
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Kukreja, V. (2020). Ethnic diversity, political aspirations and state response: A case study of Pakistan. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 66(1), 28-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0019556120906585
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Middleton, T. (2015). The demands of recognition: State anthropology and ethnopolitics in darjeeling. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.
Mishra, S. (2000). The politics of state formation in India: The case of Uttarakhand (Phd thesis). University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Myers, M. D. (2019). Qualitative research in business and management. London, UK: Sage.
Nangsel. (2020). Gorkhaland movement: Have the Gorkhas been inclusive of their minorities? Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3IfyzvD
Nel, H. (2019). Research article 12: Interpretivism. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3rs1gPb
Niazi, T. (2005). Democracy, development and terrorism: The case of Baluchistan (Pakistan): Terrorism and the moderm world. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 42(2), 267-293.
Noraiee, H. (2020). The Baloch nationalism in Pakistan: Articulation of the ethnic separatism after the end of the cold war. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 11(1), 72-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1879366520901920
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Pipes, G. D. (2010). The Baloch-Islamabad tensions: Problems of national integration (Master's thesis). Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
Poddar, P. (2020). Darjeeling/kalimpong: Rethinking pasts and futures. Studies in Nepali History and Society, 25(1), 251-263.
Premdas, R. (1993). Introduction: The anatomy of ethnic conflict: Domination versus reconciliation. In R. Premdas (Ed.), The enigma of ethnicity" analysis of race in the caribbean and worla. St. Augustine, Trinidad: University of the West Indies School of Continuing Studies.
Rai, A. (2018). Politics of identity: A study of Gorkha assertion for the national identity in Darjeeling hills (Tech. Rep.). Sikkim University, Gangtok, India.
Rehman, N., & Shah, N. H. (2017). Geo-strategic location of baluchistan and its impact on super powers. Strategic Studies, 37(3), 126-144.
Reuter, T. K. (2017). Ethnic conflict. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3fTmsIJ
Rodrigo. (2015). Sample research methodology chapter: Quantitative research. London, UK: The Write Pass.
Roth, K. (2021). Pakistan events of 2020. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/34RA4ld
Sabir, A. R., Razzaq, W., & Scholar, M. P. (2010). Multiculturalism: A case study of Balochistan. Balochistan Review, 2, 17-25.
Sarkar, D. (2020). Centre's 'Gorkhaland' meeting issue makes BJP uncomfortable in Bengal. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3AaBqmG
Satgar, V., Adam, F., Amin, S., Bond, P., Carroll, W. K., Chase-Dunn, C., … Majumdar, N. (2020). Brics and the new American imperialism: Global rivalry and resistance. Johannesburg, South Africa: Wits University Press.
Security, G. (2004). Balochistan insurgency - fifth conflict 2004-to date. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3KzfBCi
Shah, M. A. (1997). The foreign policy of Pakistan: Ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-94. London, UK: IB Tauris.
Siddique, A. (2019). Balochistan’s separatist insurgency on the wane despite recent attack. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3FEO12z
Singh, S. N. (2017). Movement of gorkhas for constitutional status in India. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies, 4(2), 307-311.
Steele, J. (1976). Conflict resolution. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 27(1), 221-230.
Stein, B. (1985). State formation and economy reconsidered. Modern Asian Studies, 19(3), 387-413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00007678
Sundas, B. (2017). Opinion | gorkhaland: Its potential and viability. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3IlkZqr
Surya Newar, J. P. S. (2017). Movement of Gorkhas for constitutional status in India. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies, 4(2), 307-311.
Taj, S., Shah, Z., Bilal, M., et al. (2018). Politics of ethnicities and federating issues in Pakistan: Changing geopolitical perspective of the region. Global Political Review, 3(1), 110-119. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2018(III-I).12
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Published
2021-09-29
How to Cite
Shahzad Ali Gill, Saba Javaid, Muhammad Hamid Murtza, Sarfraz Batool, & Sidra Jamil. (2021). Conflictology and Role of State Institutions in Federalism: A Study on Gorkhaland and Balochistan. Journal of Management Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(2), 37-49. Retrieved from https://global-jws.com/ojs/index.php/global-jws/article/view/62
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