Violence Against Children: Physical Exploitation Faced by Child Scavengers in Rural Islamabad-Pakistan
Keywords:
Child scavengers, Child labor, Violence, Neglect, Street children, Physical violence
Abstract
Street child is the challenging social phenomenon confronted by many nations across the globe. The phenomenon of child violence specifically among street children who are working like child scavengers exists in almost all big cities of Pakistan. The under-age children sent to work often face physical, emotional, and sexual violence as the working environment is unsupportive of child rights. This study is an explorative study to unfold the awareness level among study respondents about the phenomena of violence against children and various forms of physical violence they face at work. This explorative study was conducted in the rural Islamabad. By using the nonprobability sampling procedure, purposive sampling technique was opted for the current research. The sample size was 110 from which 91 male respondents aging from 12 years to under 18 were interviewed. The analysis was done in the form of percentages and frequency distribution cross tabs and chi square test was run by using SPSS. Findings of this explorative study reveals that these child scavengers are in more miserable conditions than any other group of children in the country. They become victims of physical violence on streets from their peer group, at their workplace from community people and also from their family members at homes with a very frequent intensity. Current study suggests serious interventions for child protection from violence as well as from hazardous work environment from government and other stakeholders i.e., local communities, NGOs, families so can provide a safe and healthy environment to our children which in return ensures sustainability of the productive society.
References
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Ugboke H., (2017). The impact of violence against children on human capital in South Africa (Master thesis). Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
UNICEF (2020). Violence against children: No violence against children is justifiable. All violence against children is preventable. Accessed from https://www.unicef.org/protection/violence-against-children.
UNICEF (2013). Violence against children in East Asia and the Pacific: A Regional review and synthesis of findings. Retrieved from https://uni.cf/3eSujsw.
UNICEF (2009). A Study on street children in Zimbabwe. Available from https://uni.cf/2FaDBO7
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WHO (2016). INSPIRE: Seven strategies for ending violence against children. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Wirtz, A. L., Alvarez, C., Guedes, A. C., Brumana, L., Modvar, C., & Glass, N. (2016). Violence against children in Latin America and Caribbean countries: A comprehensive review of national health sector efforts in prevention and response. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3562-3.
World Bank (2019). World bank report on educational poverty children in Pakistan". Accessed on https://bit.ly/3Lr8soe.
Ain, N., Vaia, G., DeLone, W. H., & Waheed, M. (2019). Two decades of research on business intelligence system adoption, utilization and success – A systematic literature review. Decision Support Systems, 125, 113113.
Alshoubaki, W., & Harris, M. (2018). The impact of Syrian refugees on Jordan: A framework for analysis. Journal of International Studies, 11(2), 154-179. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-2/11.
Ali, M., Shahab, S., Ushijima, H., & de Muynck, A. (2004). Street children in Pakistan: a situational analysis of social conditions and nutritional status. Social Science & Medicine, 59(8), 1707-1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.031.
Baybuga, M. S., & Celik, S. S. (2004). The level of knowledge and views of the street children/youth about AIDS in Turkey. International journal of nursing studies, 41(6), 591-597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2003.12.010.
Clarke, K., Patalay, P., Allen, E., Knight, L., Naker, D., & Devries, K. (2016). Patterns and predictors of violence against children in Uganda: a latent class analysis. BMJ open, 6(5), e010443. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010443.
Colucci, E., & Hassan, G. (2014). Prevention of domestic violence against women and children in low-income and middle-income countries. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(5), 350-357. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000088.
Devries, K., Knight, L., Petzold, M., Merrill, K. G., Maxwell, L., Williams, A., ... & Abrahams, N. (2018). Who perpetrates violence against children? A systematic analysis of age-specific and sex-specific data. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 2(1), e000180. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000180.
Farooq, A. J., Akhtar, S., Hijazi, S. T., & Khan, M. B. (2010). Impact of advertisement on children behavior: Evidence from pakistan. European Journal of Social Sciences, 12(4), 663-670.
Know violence in childhood. (2017). Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017 (Tech. report). Know Violence in Childhood, New Delhi, India.
Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser (2019). Violence against children and children's rights. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2MuoiCR.
WHO (2020). Global status report on preventing violence against children 2020 (Tech. report), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Wang, H., Chen, J., Zhao, X., Feng, Y., & Song, Y. (2021). Physical violence against children by parents among primary school students from a rural area in Shandong Province, China. Social work in public health, 36(3), 392-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2021.1896406.
Hyder, A. A., & Malik, F. A. (2007). Violence against children: A challenge for public health in Pakistan. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 25(2), 168-178.
International Labour Organization (2008). Sub-regional information system on child labour (Tech. report). ILO, Geneva, Switzerland Irshad M. A. (2018). Child abuse in Pakistan. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3qREVup
Kenworthy, L., & Marx, I. (2018). In-work poverty in the United States. In Handbook on In-Work Poverty. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Maternowska, M. C., & Fry, D. (2018). The multi-country study on the drivers of violence affecting children: An overview. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 13(sup1), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2018.1476748.
Malik, A., Mohar, E., & Irvin-Erickson, E. M. Y. (2017). Mapping the structure of well-being and social networks of refugees. Retrieved from https://urbn.is/3xBlcDe.
Mahmood A., (2014). Child rights in Pakistan: An unfinished agenda. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3QVxfSK
National Institute of Justice (2016).Children Exposed to Violence,. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3SlLNw5.
Ames, P., Anderson, J., Martin, A., Rodriguez, R., & Potts, A. (2018). The multi-country study on the drivers of violence affecting children in Peru: The process and its outcomes. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 13(sup1), 52-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2018.1476747.
Rüegger, S. (2019). Refugees, ethnic power relations, and civil conflict in the country of asylum. Journal of Peace Research, 56(1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318812935.
South Asia Monitor (2021). Sad plight of Afghan refugee children in Pakistan. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3qWqpl2.
Sheehy-Skeffington, J., & Rea, J. (2017). How poverty affects people's decision-making processes. York, UK: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Sial, Z. A., Iqbal, N., & Naz, F. L. (2021). Analysis and Preventive Measures of Violent Acts: A Case Study of Secondary Schools of Punjab. Journal of Management Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(1), 79-86.
SPARCPK (2014). Violence against children. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3qR3YOh
Sriskandarajah, V., Neuner, F., & Catani, C. (2015). Predictors of violence against children in Tamil families in northern Sri Lanka. Social Science & Medicine, 146, 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.010.
Suleri A. Q. (2004). Rapid assessment of scavengers (Rag-pickers) Lahore, Karachi, Quetta, Peshawar and Islamabad Pakistan for time-bound programme preparatory phase worst forms of child labour (Tech. report). SDPI, Islamabad, Pakistan report.
Hillis, S. D., Mercy, J. A., & Saul, J. R. (2017). The enduring impact of violence against children. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22(4), 393-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2016.1153679.
Ugboke H., (2017). The impact of violence against children on human capital in South Africa (Master thesis). Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
UNICEF (2020). Violence against children: No violence against children is justifiable. All violence against children is preventable. Accessed from https://www.unicef.org/protection/violence-against-children.
UNICEF (2013). Violence against children in East Asia and the Pacific: A Regional review and synthesis of findings. Retrieved from https://uni.cf/3eSujsw.
UNICEF (2009). A Study on street children in Zimbabwe. Available from https://uni.cf/2FaDBO7
UNHCR (2018). Refugee education strategy 2016-2018 Pakistan. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3BOjaB5.
WHO (2016). INSPIRE: Seven strategies for ending violence against children. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO (2020). Violence against children. Accessed on https://bit.ly/3Ls6DHG.
Wirtz, A. L., Alvarez, C., Guedes, A. C., Brumana, L., Modvar, C., & Glass, N. (2016). Violence against children in Latin America and Caribbean countries: A comprehensive review of national health sector efforts in prevention and response. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3562-3.
World Bank (2019). World bank report on educational poverty children in Pakistan". Accessed on https://bit.ly/3Lr8soe.
Published
2022-07-28
How to Cite
Dr. Nasim Khan Mahsud, Dr. Nudrat Mushtaq, & Shabana Muhammad Anwar. (2022). Violence Against Children: Physical Exploitation Faced by Child Scavengers in Rural Islamabad-Pakistan. Journal of Management Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(4), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.33152/jmphss-6.4.2
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