Creating Awareness about Cleanliness and Hand Hygiene among Students at Primary Level
Keywords:
Hand hygiene, Cleanliness, Primary school, Intervention, Awarness seminar, Diarrhea, Breathing infection
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to aware students about hand hygiene and also aware them about the negative effects of washing hands without soap. Students of public primary school were the population of the study. The school was selected by means of convenient sampling while participants were selected by purposive sampling. So, for the purpose seminar have been conducted to make students aware about hand cleanliness. One week different activities were conducted to make students habitual and adopt the habits ofwashing hands in their daily routine and in their schools after playing games and after using washroom. Pre and post intervention views have been taken from the teachers and students. Views of the participants indicated that organizing the seminar with practical activities was an effective practice to create awareness among students regarding hands cleanliness. This was a novel study as it explored the basic hygiene issues at primary level and proposed a solution through intervention. The awareness created by this study will be useful for the general health improvement of students. It will make teachers realize the importance and advantages of hygiene for general health of students.
References
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Aiello, E. A. (2007). Plain soap is as effective as antibacterial but without the risk. Retrieved from https://www.asm.org/
Bloomfield, S. F., Exner, M., Fara, G. M., Nath, K.J., Scott, E.A. & Van derVoorden, C. (2009). The global burden of hygiene-related diseases in relation to the home and community in IFH. Retrieved from http://www.ifhhomehygiene.org/IntegratedCRD.nsf/
Cairncross, S. (1993). Control of enteric pathogens in developing countries. In Mitchell, R.(Ed.). Environmental microbiology. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss.
Chai, Carmen.(2016). Hand washing: 6 steps to kill the germs on your hands. Retreived from https://bit.ly/36lWhJ6.
Curtis, V., & Cairncross, S. (2003). Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: A systematic review. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3(5), 275-281.
Dean, E. (2017). Hand washing. Nursing Children and Young People, 29(2), 11-11. https://doi.org/10.7748/ncyp.29.2.11.s10
Earth’s kids (2011). How to teach handwashing to kids. Available at https://bit.ly/3KHvdmn
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R. B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L., & Colford Jr, J. M. (2005). Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet infectious diseases, 5(1), 42-52.
Ghosh, S., Sengupta, P. G., Mondal, S. K., Banu, M. K., Gupta, D. N., & Sircar, B. K. (1997). Risk behavioural practices of rural mothers as determinants of childhood diarrhoea. The Journal of Communicable Diseases, 29(1), 7-14.
Guinan, M., McGuckin, M., & Ali, Y. (2002). The effect of a comprehensive handwashing program on absenteeism in elementary schools. American journal of infection control, 30(4), 217-220.
Hoque, B. A., Mahalanabis, D., Alam, M. J., & Islam, M. S. (1995). Post-defecation handwashing in Bangladesh: Practiceand efficiency perspectives. Public Health, 109(1), 15-24.
Hoque, B. A., Mahalanabis, D., Pelto, B., & Alam, M. J. (1995). Research methodology for developing efficient handwashing options: an example from Bangladesh. The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 98(6), 469-475.
Medical Xpress (2007). Plain soap as effective as antibacterial but without the Risk. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3tdAXP2
Luby, S. P., Agboatwalla, M., Feikin, D. R., Painter, J., Billhimer, W., Altaf, A., & Hoekstra, R. M. (2005). Effect of handwashing on child health: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 366(9481), 225-233.
Luby, S. P., Agboatwalla, M., Painter, J., Altaf, A., Billhimer, W. L., & Hoekstra, R. M. (2004). Effect of intensive handwashing promotion on childhood diarrhea in high-risk communities in Pakistan: A randomized controlled trial. Jama, 291(21), 2547-2554.
Michaels, B., Gangar, V., Schultz, A., Arenas, M., Curiale, M., Ayers, T., & Paulson, D. (2002). Water temperature as a factor in handwashing efficacy. Food Service Technology, 2(3), 139-149.
Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D. (1997). Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global burden of disease study. The lancet, 349(9061), 1269-1276.
Payment, P., & Riley, M. S. (2002). Resolving the global burden of gastrointestinal illness: A call to action. Paper Presented at The Global Burden of Infectious Diseases Through the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Critical Scientific Assessment of Exposure, Galway, Ireland.
PPPHW (2009). Global hand washing day planners guide (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3uhe3Wj
PPPHW (2010). Hand washing handbook. Available at https://bit.ly/3iaRT22
PPPHW (2011). Why handwashing with soap? Available at https://bit.ly/3CKgDYH
Prater, K. J., Fortuna, C. A., McGill, J. L., Brandeberry, M. S., Stone, A. R., & Lu, X. (2016). Poor hand hygiene by college students linked to more occurrences of infectious diseases, medical visits, and absence from classes. American Journal of Infection Control, 44(1), 66-70.
Redway, K. & Fawder, S. (2008). A comparative study of three different hand drying Methods: Paper towel, warm air dryer, jet air dryer. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3tVX4bG
Rolfe, T. (2016). Touchscreens: The Mosquito of the Digital Age. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3Jh7xEY
Ryan, M. A. K., Christian, R. & Wohlrabe, J. (2001). Hand washing and respiratory illness among young adults in military training. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21, 79-83.
Salunkhe, D. K., & Kadam, S. (1995). Handbook of fruit science and technology: Production, composition, storage, and processing. Boca Raton, FL: CRC press.
Sparks, D. (2020). Hand washing: Do’s and Don’ts. Retrieved from https://mayocl.in/3IciyGt
Scott, E. (2013). Community-based infections and the potential role of common touch surfaces as vectors for the transmission of infectious agents in home and community settings. American journal of infection control, 41(11), 1087-1092.
Rupar, D. G. (1992). The Biologic & Clinical Basis of Infectious Diseases. JAMA, 267(23), 3217-3217.
Soboksa, N. E., Gari, S. R., Hailu, A. B., & Alemu, B. M. (2020). Association between microbial water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Plos One, 15(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229303
Berry, T. D., Mitteer, D. R., & Fournier, A. K. (2015). Examining hand-washing rates and durations in public restrooms: a study of gender differences via personal, environmental, and behavioral determinants. Environment and Behavior, 47(8), 923-944.
Tyagi U., Barwal K. C. Semmelweis (2020). Father of hand hygiene. Indian Journal of Surgery, 82(3), 276–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-020-02386-6
World Health Organization (2020). Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for the COVID-19 virus: Interim guidance, 23 April 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/IPC_WASH/2020.3). World Health Organization.
World Bank (2011). Public Health at a glance. Available at https://bit.ly/3CH7GiK
WHO (2008). WHO Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update. Washington, DC: World Health Organization.
Aiello, E. A. (2007). Plain soap is as effective as antibacterial but without the risk. Retrieved from https://www.asm.org/
Bloomfield, S. F., Exner, M., Fara, G. M., Nath, K.J., Scott, E.A. & Van derVoorden, C. (2009). The global burden of hygiene-related diseases in relation to the home and community in IFH. Retrieved from http://www.ifhhomehygiene.org/IntegratedCRD.nsf/
Cairncross, S. (1993). Control of enteric pathogens in developing countries. In Mitchell, R.(Ed.). Environmental microbiology. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss.
Chai, Carmen.(2016). Hand washing: 6 steps to kill the germs on your hands. Retreived from https://bit.ly/36lWhJ6.
Curtis, V., & Cairncross, S. (2003). Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: A systematic review. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3(5), 275-281.
Dean, E. (2017). Hand washing. Nursing Children and Young People, 29(2), 11-11. https://doi.org/10.7748/ncyp.29.2.11.s10
Earth’s kids (2011). How to teach handwashing to kids. Available at https://bit.ly/3KHvdmn
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R. B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L., & Colford Jr, J. M. (2005). Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet infectious diseases, 5(1), 42-52.
Ghosh, S., Sengupta, P. G., Mondal, S. K., Banu, M. K., Gupta, D. N., & Sircar, B. K. (1997). Risk behavioural practices of rural mothers as determinants of childhood diarrhoea. The Journal of Communicable Diseases, 29(1), 7-14.
Guinan, M., McGuckin, M., & Ali, Y. (2002). The effect of a comprehensive handwashing program on absenteeism in elementary schools. American journal of infection control, 30(4), 217-220.
Hoque, B. A., Mahalanabis, D., Alam, M. J., & Islam, M. S. (1995). Post-defecation handwashing in Bangladesh: Practiceand efficiency perspectives. Public Health, 109(1), 15-24.
Hoque, B. A., Mahalanabis, D., Pelto, B., & Alam, M. J. (1995). Research methodology for developing efficient handwashing options: an example from Bangladesh. The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 98(6), 469-475.
Medical Xpress (2007). Plain soap as effective as antibacterial but without the Risk. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3tdAXP2
Luby, S. P., Agboatwalla, M., Feikin, D. R., Painter, J., Billhimer, W., Altaf, A., & Hoekstra, R. M. (2005). Effect of handwashing on child health: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 366(9481), 225-233.
Luby, S. P., Agboatwalla, M., Painter, J., Altaf, A., Billhimer, W. L., & Hoekstra, R. M. (2004). Effect of intensive handwashing promotion on childhood diarrhea in high-risk communities in Pakistan: A randomized controlled trial. Jama, 291(21), 2547-2554.
Michaels, B., Gangar, V., Schultz, A., Arenas, M., Curiale, M., Ayers, T., & Paulson, D. (2002). Water temperature as a factor in handwashing efficacy. Food Service Technology, 2(3), 139-149.
Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D. (1997). Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global burden of disease study. The lancet, 349(9061), 1269-1276.
Payment, P., & Riley, M. S. (2002). Resolving the global burden of gastrointestinal illness: A call to action. Paper Presented at The Global Burden of Infectious Diseases Through the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Critical Scientific Assessment of Exposure, Galway, Ireland.
PPPHW (2009). Global hand washing day planners guide (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3uhe3Wj
PPPHW (2010). Hand washing handbook. Available at https://bit.ly/3iaRT22
PPPHW (2011). Why handwashing with soap? Available at https://bit.ly/3CKgDYH
Prater, K. J., Fortuna, C. A., McGill, J. L., Brandeberry, M. S., Stone, A. R., & Lu, X. (2016). Poor hand hygiene by college students linked to more occurrences of infectious diseases, medical visits, and absence from classes. American Journal of Infection Control, 44(1), 66-70.
Redway, K. & Fawder, S. (2008). A comparative study of three different hand drying Methods: Paper towel, warm air dryer, jet air dryer. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3tVX4bG
Rolfe, T. (2016). Touchscreens: The Mosquito of the Digital Age. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3Jh7xEY
Ryan, M. A. K., Christian, R. & Wohlrabe, J. (2001). Hand washing and respiratory illness among young adults in military training. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21, 79-83.
Salunkhe, D. K., & Kadam, S. (1995). Handbook of fruit science and technology: Production, composition, storage, and processing. Boca Raton, FL: CRC press.
Sparks, D. (2020). Hand washing: Do’s and Don’ts. Retrieved from https://mayocl.in/3IciyGt
Scott, E. (2013). Community-based infections and the potential role of common touch surfaces as vectors for the transmission of infectious agents in home and community settings. American journal of infection control, 41(11), 1087-1092.
Rupar, D. G. (1992). The Biologic & Clinical Basis of Infectious Diseases. JAMA, 267(23), 3217-3217.
Soboksa, N. E., Gari, S. R., Hailu, A. B., & Alemu, B. M. (2020). Association between microbial water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Plos One, 15(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229303
Berry, T. D., Mitteer, D. R., & Fournier, A. K. (2015). Examining hand-washing rates and durations in public restrooms: a study of gender differences via personal, environmental, and behavioral determinants. Environment and Behavior, 47(8), 923-944.
Tyagi U., Barwal K. C. Semmelweis (2020). Father of hand hygiene. Indian Journal of Surgery, 82(3), 276–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-020-02386-6
World Health Organization (2020). Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for the COVID-19 virus: Interim guidance, 23 April 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/IPC_WASH/2020.3). World Health Organization.
World Bank (2011). Public Health at a glance. Available at https://bit.ly/3CH7GiK
WHO (2008). WHO Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update. Washington, DC: World Health Organization.
Published
2022-01-22
How to Cite
Dr. Wajiha Kanwal, Dr. Cedric Aimal Edwin, Dr. Abid Ahmad, & Uroosa Rafaqat. (2022). Creating Awareness about Cleanliness and Hand Hygiene among Students at Primary Level. Journal of Management Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(1), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.33152/jmphss-6.1.5
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