Antecedents of Rape Cases Exposure Over Social Media: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Areas of Lahore District

Dr. Aemen Khalid; Sidra Charles; Dr. Zaeem Yasin; Maham Tallat

doi:10.33152/jmphss-5.5.2

Dr. Aemen Khalid Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
Sidra Charles Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
Dr. Zaeem Yasin Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
Maham Tallat Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33152/jmphss-5.5.2

Keywords: Exposure, Rape Cases, Social Media, Mental State, Frustration, Moods

Abstract

The goal of this study is to determine the effects of rape case's exposure over social media. The researcher has observed the changes among users who are going through the exposure of rape cases in this research. The present study is based on the quantitative approach in which the researcher has selected the survey method as a tool to explore and investigate the consequences of rape cases exposure among users. The data was collected through a questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed in five different tehsils of Lahore (Lahore Cantt, Raiwind, and Lahore City, Shalimar, and Model town) including both urban and rural areas using conveniencesampling technique. The data were analyzed through SPSS using regression and chi-square techniques. One hundred participants from each tehsil were assigned to complete several surveys regarding rape cases exposure. This research focused on the selected effects of rape case exposure like anxiety, phobia, fear, depression, frustration, and mental illness problems. Results indicate that any person who has more exposure to rape cases has more effect on the user’s mental state. Upon mining such data on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, some privacies and securities to control the negative exposure over social media and the government should develop a strict law and order situations and check the calculations highlighted in the thesis that the subject matter has become serious. The researcher will suggest that the punishments from an Islamic point of view are the perfect solution to the problem of raping young girls and children.

References

Adebayo. B. (2018). Rape of seven-year-old in South African restaurant sparks outrage over sexual violence, CNN, Retrieved from https://cnn.it/3LZGVdG

Adedoyin-Olowe, M., Gaber, M. M. & Stahl, F. (2013) TRCM: A methodology for temporal analysis of evolving concepts in Twitter. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7895, 135-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38610-7_13

Afsaruddin.A. (1999). Hermeneutics and Honor: Negotiating Female Public Space in Islamic/Ate Societies. Harvard University Press, pp.1-50

Al Jazeera English. (Apr 26, 2021). Rape cases study conducted in Australia. Videos and Interviews of the Victims, Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3BNf4sc

Al Jazeera. (2020). Rape on Campus. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3Hjxylh

Alaggia, R., & Wang, S. (2020). "I never told anyone until the# metoo movement": What can we learn from sexual abuse and sexual assault disclosures made through social media?. Child Abuse & Neglect, 103, 104312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104312

Aly, A., & Green, L. R. (2010). Fear, anxiety and the state of terror. Studies in Conflict and Social Media Rape Cases, 33(3), 268-281 https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100903555796

American Psychology Association. (2011). Trauma and Shock, Raped Victims plus exposure in Clinic of American Psychology Association. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/topics/trauma/

Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2021). Panic Disorder, Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3t80NCI

Arter. (2007). Types of Disorders, SAD, GAD, BS. MDS, 6(9), 1-100.

Ashfaq, A. (2015). What you need to know about Pakistan's new Anti-Rape Bill, DAWN. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3JSGKid

Ashmore, M. R. (2015). Rape culture in Ancient Rome. Connecticut College, 3(5), 1-10.

Azam, H. (2013). Rape. The [Oxford] Encyclopedia of Islam and Law. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3he0jFp

Baker, D. V. (2016). Women and capital punishment in The United States: An analytical history. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3hbHcfn.

Batson, N. (2007). Check self-Control among people of Rape Case Victim or being raped. Wellington Research Center, 6(9), 1-338.

BBC News. (2005). Pakistan rape acquittals rejected. Retrieved from https://bbc.in/3In1Hl3

Becknamnn, A. (2016). Assault on women on New Year's Eve, Stuttgarter Nachrichten. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3IiUene

Belyea, L., & Blais, J. (2021). Effect of pretrial publicity via social media, mock juror sex, and rape myth acceptance on juror decisions in a mock sexual assault trial. Psychology, Crime & Law, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2021.2018440

Brousseau, M. M., Bergeron. S., & Hebert. M. (2011). Sexual Coercion Victimization and Perpetration in Heterosexual Couples: A Dyadic Investigation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(2), 363-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9617-0

Businesstopia. (2018). Social-responsibility-theory. Retrieve on from https://bit.ly/3pgOdzI

Buzzatto, N. (2012). Understanding of social media, UK: University of Maryland Eastern Shore. Retrieve from https://bit.ly/3siS29D

Center for Environmental Health. (2001). What is Exposure?, New York State Department of Health. Retrieve from https://bit.ly/3InrMQU

Dunya News. (2018). Lahore: Ayesha was murdered after rape, confirms medical report. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3ve6NMT

Fuchs, B. (2012). Data security over social media, Georgia Tech, Public University in Atlanta, Georgia, 10(19), 10-55.

Garofalo, J. (1981). The fear of crime: Causes and consequences. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 72(2), 839. https://doi.org/
10.2307/1143018

Gerbner, G. (1998). Cultivation analysis: An overview. Mass Communication & Society, 1(3-4), 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.1998.9677855

Guo, N. (2010). Study of mental condition of the rape victims. University of Berlin, Germany, 3(8), 1-250.

Guramani, N. (2018). Lahore saw highest number of child rape cases in Punjab in 2016-17. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3JTMqbP

Gurwitch, R. H., Sitterle, K. A., Young, B. H., &Pfefferbaum, B. (2002). The aftermath of rape cases. In A. M. La Greca, W. K. Silverman, E. M. Vernberg, & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Helping children cope with disasters and rape cases exposure. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Hibbs, E. D. & Hamburger, S. D. (1999). Determinants of expressed emotions in families of bothered and normal children. Br J Psychiatry, 10(153), 344-53. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.3.344

Hong, H. (2003). Opinion questions about users of Social Media. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3hgtWWE

Howard, D. E., & Wang, M. Q. (2005). Psychosocial correlates of U.S. adolescents who report a history of forced sexual intercourse. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(5), 372-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.07.007

Human Diseases & Conditions Forum. (2018). Rape. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3pb7cLZ

Javed, A. (2018). Minor rape victim battles for life. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3M21uGk

Jenny, P., Hedge, & Barbara, (2003). The Trauma of Sexual Assault Treatment, Prevention and Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p-2.

Johnson, J., & Johnson, W. A. (2013). Explication of theoretical foundation of communication policy. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 3(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.12816/0016448

Josse, E. (2010). They came with two guns: The consequences of sexual violence for the mental health of women in armed con