Leadership Integrity and Performance: Does Organizational Citizenship Behavior Matter?
Abstract
The purpose of our research is to gauge the impact of leadership integrity on packaging industry performance. Organizational citizenship behavior and job performance were used as the mediators. A close-ended questionnaire was used in order to collect the primary data from the relevant respondents. Those questionnaires were filled by 300 employees of 12 major packaging companies of Pakistan. Data were analyzed by using Smart PLS software v.3.2.8. Results revealed that leadership integrity has a positive significant effect on job performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Similarly, another relationship was found that job performance has a significant positive effect on performance within the context of the packaging industry. Conversely, organizational citizenship behavior does not seem to have a significant positive effect on packaging industry performance. Results also confirm that organizational citizenship behavior and job performance do not have a significant mediating role between leadership integrity and packaging industry performance. The results rejects significant mediating role between leadership integrity and packaging industry performance while evaluating organizational citizenship behavior and job performance.
References
Anam, K. (2023). Examines the Correlation between Knowledge, Demographic Characteristics, and Hypertension Incidence among Outpatients in a Community Health Center Located in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. Pakistan Journal of Life & Social Sciences, 21(1).
Ahmed, T. (2010). Pakistan’s total exports: Share of textile exports shrinks to 55% from 60%. Retrieved from http://www.dailytimes.com.pk
Ayaz, S. & Haidari, A. N. (2023). Leadership Competency and Employee Performance in Organizations. Florya Chronicles of Political Economy, 9(1), 10-24.
Azila-Gbettor, E. M., Blomme, R. J., Kil, A., & Honyenuga, B. Q. (2020). Work Values and Organizational Performance: The Mediation Effect of Organization Citizenship Behavior in Family Hotels in Emerging
Markets. In Chen, J.S. (Ed.) Advances in Hospitality and Leisure. Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-354220200000016005
Oberer, B., & Erkollar, A. (2018). Leadership 4.0: Digital Leaders in the Age of Industry 4.0. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 7(4), 404-412.
Bauman, C. D. (2013). Leadership and the three faces of integrity. Leadership Quarterly, 24, 414-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.01.005
Carmeli, A., Gilat, G., & Waldman, D. A. (2007). The role of perceived organizational performance in organizational identification, adjustment and job performance. Journal of Management Studies, 44(6), 972-992. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00691.x
Copeland, M. K. (2014). The emerging significance of values-based leadership: A literature review. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(2), 105-135.
Dineen, B. R., Lewicki, R. J., & Tomlinson, E. C. (2006). Supervisory guidance and behavioral integrity: Relationships with employee citizenship and deviant behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 622-635. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.622
Dobbs, J. M., Jackson, R. J., & Lindsay, D. R. (2019). The Impact of Perceived Leader and Organizational Integrity on Extra-Role Behaviors in a Military Context. Military Behavioral Health, 7(2), 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2018.1515132
Duan, J., Guo, Z., & Brinsfield, C. (2020). Does leader integrity facilitate employee voice? A moderated mediation model of perceived risk and leader consultation. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(8), 1069-1087. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-08-2019-0353
Engelbrecht, A. S., Heine, G., & Mahembe, B. (2017). Integrity, ethical leadership, trust and work engagement. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(3), 368-379. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2015-0237
Enwereuzor, I. K., Onyishi, I. E., Albi-Oparaocha, F. C., & Amaeshi, K. (2020). Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context. BMC psychology, 8, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00420-6
Ginsburg, L., Berta, W., Baumbusch, J., Rohit Dass, A., Laporte, A., Reid, R. C., ... & Taylor, D. (2016). Measuring work engagement, psychological empowerment, and organizational citizenship behavior among health care aides. The Gerontologist, 56(2), e1-e11. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv129
Gordon, A., & Yukl, G. (2004). The future of leadership research: Challenges and opportunities. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 359-365. https://doi.org/10.1177/239700220401800307
Gunawan, R. (2016). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transformasional terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) pada PT First Marchinery Tradeco Cabang Surabaya. Agora, 4(1), 60-66.
Hadi, P., & Saerang, D. P. (2020). The The Influence of Transformational Leadership and Employee Integrity through Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) on Employee Innovation in Regency/City Inspectorates. Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.1.06
Leroy, H., Palanski, M. E., & Simons, T. (2012). Authentic leadership and behavioral integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 107, 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1036-1
Peng, H., & Wei, F. (2020). How and when does leader behavioral integrity influence employee voice? The roles of team independence climate and corporate ethical values. Journal of Business Ethics, 166(3), 505-521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04114-x
Hinkin, T. R., & Schriesheim, C. A. (2015). Leader reinforcement, behavioral integrity, and subordinate outcomes: A social exchange approach. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(6), 991-1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.10.006
Campbell, J. W., Lee, H., & Im, T. (2016). At the expense of others: Altruistic helping behaviour, performance management and transformational leadership. Public Management Review, 18(6), 795-818. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1045018
Jam, F. A., Akhtar, S., Haq, I. U., Ahmad-U-Rehman, M., & Hijazi, S. T. (2010). Impact of leader behavior on employee job stress: Evidence from Pakistan. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, (21), 172-179.
Jung, H. S., Seo, K. H., & Yoon, H. H. (2020). The importance of leader integrity on family restaurant employees’ engagement and organizational citizenship behaviors: Exploring sustainability of employees’ generational differences. Sustainability, 12(6), 2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062504
Kannan-Narasimhan, R., & Lawrence, B. S. (2012). Behavioral integrity: How leader referents and trust matter to workplace outcomes. Journal of business ethics, 111(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1199-9
Karapınar, Of . (2014). Integrity as it relates to job performance, organizational citizenship behavior and withdrawal behavior: moderating effect of organizational justice (Master's thesis). Middle East Technical University.
Karssing, E. D. (2007). Moral competence in organizations. Assen, the Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
Kim, W. G., McGinley, S., Choi, H. M., & Agmapisarn, C. (2020). Hotels’ environmental leadership and employees’ organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 87, 102375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102375
Leroy H., Palanski M.E., Simons T. (2012). Authentic leadership and behavioral integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 107, 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1036-1
Leroy, H., Palanski, M. E., & Simons, T. (2012). Authentic leadership and behavioral integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(3), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1036-1
Brown, L. A., & Roloff, M. E. (2015). Organizational citizenship behavior, organizational communication, and burnout: The buffering role of perceived organizational support and psychological contracts. Communication Quarterly, 63(4), 384-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2015.1058287
Matta, F. K., Scott, B. A., Koopman, J., & Conlon, D. E. (2015). Does seeing “eye to eye” affect work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior? A role theory perspective on LMX agreement. Academy of Management Journal, 58(6), 1686-1708. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0106
McCann, J., & Holt, R. A. (2013). Perceived leadership integrity in the manufacturing industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(3), 635-644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1444-x
Mohamed, M. S., Khalifa, G. S., Nusari, M., Ameen, A., Al-Shibami, A. H., & Abuelhassan, A. E. (2018). Effect of organizational excellence and employee performance on organizational productivity within healthcare sector in the UAE. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 13(15), 6199-6210.
Montefiore, A., & Vines, D. (Eds.). (1999). Integrity in the public and private domains. London, UK: Routledge.
Nangoli, S., Muhumuza, B., Tweyongyere, M., Nkurunziza, G., Namono, R., Ngoma, M., & Nalweyiso, G.(2020). Perceived leadership integrity and organisational commitment. Journal of Management Development, 39(6), 823-834.
Palanski, M. E., & Yammarino, F. J. (2009). Integrity and leadership: A multi-level conceptual framework. Leadership Quarterly, 20, 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.008
Paillé, P. (2013). Organizational citizenship behaviour and employee retention: how important are turnover cognitions?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(4), 768-790. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.697477
Piccolo, R. F., Buengeler, C., & Judge, T. A., (2018). Leadership [ıs] organizational citizenship behavior: Review of a selfevident link. Ifçinde P. M. Podsakoff, S. B. Mackenzie & N. P. Podsakoff (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.39
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7
Prottas, D.J. (2013). Relationships among employee perception of their manager’s behavioral integrity, moral distress and employee attitudes and well-being. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1280-z
Quraishi, U., & Aziz, F. (2018). An investigation of authentic leadership and teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior in secondary schools of Pakistan. Cogent Education, 5(1), 1437670. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1437670
Sajid Haider, Antonio Fernandez-Ortiz, Carmen de Pablos Heredero, (2017). Organizational citizenship behavior and implementation of evidence-based practice: Moderating role of senior management’s support. Health Systems, 6(3), 226-241. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41306-017-0026-7
Schuyler, G. K. (2010). Increasing leadership integrity through mind training and embodied learning. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018081
Way, S. A., Simons, T., Leroy, H., & Tuleja, E. A. (2018). What is in it for me? Middle manager behavioral integrity and performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 150, 765-777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3204-9
Shaheen, A., Naqvi, S. M. H., & Khan, M. A. (2013). Employees training and organizational performance: Mediation by employees’ performance. Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research, 5(4), 490-503.
Siddiqi, W., Ahmad, N., Khan, A. A., & Yousef, K. (2012). Determinants of export demand of textile and clothing sector of Pakistan: An empirical analysis. World Applied Sciences Journal, 16(8), 1171-1175.
Simons T., Leroy H., Collewaert V., Masschelein S. (2015). How leader alignment of words and deeds affects followers: A meta-analysis of behavioral integrity research. J. Bus. Ethics, 132, 831–844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2332-3
Wahyuni, R. S., & Syamsir, S. (2020). The Influence of Integrity and Human Resource Management towards Employee Performance. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 7(1), 780-785.
Yang, F., Liu, J., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Feeling energized: a multilevel model of spiritual leadership, leader integrity, relational energy, and job performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(4), 983-997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.07.009
Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 66–85. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0088
Wang, Y., Liu, H., & Cai, Z. (2017). Enhancing client citizenship behavior in enterprise system service of China: the role of enterprise system benefits and guanxi. Information Technology for Development, 23(3), 507-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2017.1315358
Scola, Z., Schaeperkoetter, C. C., Lower, L. M., & Bass, J. R. (2017). “It’s just something engrained in them”: examining organizational citizenship behaviors within part-time campus recreation center employees. Managing Sport and Leisure, 22(3), 197-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2017.1417740
Zhu, W., May, D. R., & Avolio, B. J. (2004). The impact of ethical leadership behavior on employee outcomes: The roles of psychological empowerment and authenticity. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11, 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190401100104
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.