The Effect of Stigmatization on Perceived Social Support and Quality of Life among Hiv/Aids Patients: A Gender-Based Analysis
Keywords:
HIV/AIDS, Perceived social support, Quality of life, People living with HIV, People who inject drugs
Abstract
The current study set out to find out how patients' views of social support and quality of life are impacted by stigma. Additionally, the quality of life of patients and gender variations in HIV stigma, social support, and other factors were compared. It was expected that male patients would do better than female patients on tests measuring stigma, perceived social support, and quality of life. A total of 269 HIV/AIDS patients, including those who were 18 years of age or older and either male (n=170) or female (n=99), made up the sample for the current study. Purposeful sampling was used to collect the sample from the Provincial AIDS Control Program (PACP) facility at the Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar. The WHO Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL, BREF), HIV Stigma Scale (HISS), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were administered separately. The data were analyzed using the independent t-test. The results showed a significant difference in the WHO quality of life score between HIV patients in men and women. However, there were no statistically significant differences between male and female HIV patients on the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the HIV stigma scale factors. In light of the research findings, further discoveries and potential long-term implications were examined at the conclusion.
References
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Bruwer, B., Emsley, R., Kidd, M., Lochner, C., & Seedat, S. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in youth. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(2), 195-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.09.002.
Casado, A. (2005). Measurement of quality of life of HIV individuals: Perspectives & future directions. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 122(4), 282.
Cederfjäll, C., Langius-Eklö f A., Lidman, K., Wredling, R. (2001). Gender differences in perceived health-related quality of life among patients with HIV infection. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 15(1), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1089/108729101460083.
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Chivate, P., Umate, M., Nimkar, S., & De Sousa, A. (2017). Gender differences in perceived stigma and hope in people living with HIV / AIDS: An exploratory study. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 4(2), 487-493. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170278.
Gilmore, N., & Somerville, M. A. (1994). Stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: overcoming 'them'and 'us'. Social Science & Medicine, 39(9), 1339-1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90365-4.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice&Hall.
Herrmann, S., McKinnon, E., Hyland, N. B., Lalanne, C., Mallal, S., Nolan, D., & Duracinsky, M. (2013). HIV-related stigma and physical symptoms have a persistent influence on health-related quality of life in Australians with HIV infection. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-56.
Holzemer, W. L., Uys, L. R., Chirwa, M. L., Greeff, M., Makoae, L. N., Kohi, T. W., & Wantland, D. (2007). Validation of the HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument PLWA (HASI-P). AIDS care, 19(8), 1002-1012. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120701245999.
Jeffe, D. B., Khan, S. R., Meredith, K. L., Schlesinger, M., Fraser, V. J., & Mundy, L. M. (2000). Disclosure of HIV status to medical providers: differences by gender," race," and immune function. Public Health Reports, 115(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/115.1.38.
Kalichman, S. C., DiMarco, M., Austin, J., Luke, W., & DiFonzo, K. (2003). Stress, social support, and HIV-status disclosure to family and friends among HIV-positive men and women. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(4), 315-332. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024252926930.
Kegeles, S. M., Coates, T. J., Christopher, T. A., & Lazarus, J. L. (1989). Perceptions of AIDS: The continuing saga of AIDS-related stigma. Aids, 3(1), S253-258. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-198901001-00035.
Kohli, R. M., Sane, S., Kumar, K., Paranjape, R. S., & Mehendale, S. M. (2005). Assessment of quality of life among HIV-infected persons in Pune, India. Quality of life Research, 14(6), 1641-1647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-004-7082-8.
Omangi, H. G. (1997). Stigmatization and discrimination in the context of HIV and AIDS in Kenya. Newsletter of African Network on Ethics, Law and HIV, 3, 4-5.
PNACP(2019). Pakistan National AIDS Control Programme Retrieved from http://www.nacp.gov.pk/index.html
Pereira Santos, F., Rute Oliveira Gurgel do Amaral, L., Lopes Nunes, S., de Andrade Arrais Rosa, C., Oliveira Milhomem Filho, E., Assunçã o Lima, V., & dos Santos, L. (2016). Evaluation of Quality of Life in Women with HIV/AIDS According to the HAT-QoL. International Archives Of Medicine, 9. https://doi.org/10.3823/2040.
Qiao, S., Li, X. & Stanton, B. Social Support and HIV-related Risk Behaviors: A Systematic Review of the Global Literature. AIDS Behav 18, 419-441 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0561-6.
Rajeev, K. H., Yuvaraj, B. Y., Gowda, M. N., & Ravikumar, S. M. (2012). Impact of HIV/AIDS on quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS in Chitradurga district, Karnataka. Indian Journal of Public Health, 56(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-557X.99901.
Rueda, S., Mitra, S., Chen, S., Gogolishvili, D., Globerman, J., Chambers, L., Wilson, M., Logie, C. H., Shi, Q., Morassaei, S., & Rourke, S. B. (2016). Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS: A series of meta-analyses. BMJ open, 6(7), e011453. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011453.
Sayles, J.N., Hays, R.D., Sarkisian, C.A., Spritzer, K.L., Cunningham, W.E., & Mahajan, A.P. (2008). Development and psychometric assessment of a multidimensional measure of internalized HIV stigma in a sample of HIV-positive adults. AIDS and Behaviour, 12(5), 748-758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9375-3.
Schmitz, M. F., & Crystal, S. (2000). Social Relations, Coping, and Psychological Distress Among Persons With HIV/AIDS 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(4), 665-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02818.x.
Tesfay, A., Gebremariam, A., Gerbaba, M., & Abrha, H. (2015). Gender differences in health related quality of life among people living with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Mekelle Town, Northern Ethiopia. BioMed Research International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/516369.
Udobong, R. (2015). Coping Strategy of Women with HIV-AIDS: Influence of Care-Giving, Family Social Attitude, and Effective Communication. Science Journal of Public Health. 3. 107. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150301.29.
UNAIDS (2000). HIV and AIDS-related stigmatization, discrimination and denial: Forms, contexts and determinants. Research studies from Uganda and India (prepared for UNAIDS by Peter Aggleton). Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS.
]item Visser, M.J., Kershaw, T., Makin, J.D., & Forsyth, B.W.C. (2008). Development of parallel scales to measure HIV-related stigma. AIDS and Behaviour, 12, 759- 771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9363-7.
Volinn, I. J. (1989). Issues of definitions and their implications: AIDS and leprosy. Social Science & Medicine, 29(10), 1157-1162. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(89)90358-4.
Vyavaharkar, M., Moneyham, L., Corwin, S., Tavakoli, A., Saunders, R., & Annang, L. (2011). HIV-disclosure, social support, and depression among HIV-infected African American women living in the rural southeastern United States. AIDS Education and Prevention, 23(1), 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2011.23.1.78.
Wani, M. A., & Sankar, R. (2017). Impact of social support on quality of life among AIDS patients in Kashmir province of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, 8(9), 729.
Warwick, I., Bharat, S., Castro, R., Garcia, R., Leshabari, M. T., Singhanetra-Renard, A., & Aggleton, P. (1998). Household and community responses to HIV and AIDS in developing countries. Critical Public Health, 8(4), 311-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581599808402918.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of personality assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2.
Berger, B. E., Ferrans, C. E., & Lashley, F. R. (2001). Measuring stigma in people with HIV: Psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 24(6), 518-529. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.10011.
Bruwer, B., Emsley, R., Kidd, M., Lochner, C., & Seedat, S. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in youth. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(2), 195-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.09.002.
Casado, A. (2005). Measurement of quality of life of HIV individuals: Perspectives & future directions. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 122(4), 282.
Cederfjäll, C., Langius-Eklö f A., Lidman, K., Wredling, R. (2001). Gender differences in perceived health-related quality of life among patients with HIV infection. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 15(1), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1089/108729101460083.
Chandra, P. S., Gandhi, C., Satishchandra, P., Kamat, A., Desai, A., Ravi, V., ... & Kumar, M. (2006). Quality of life in HIV subtype C infection among asymptomatic subjects and its association with CD4 counts and viral loads-a study from South India. Quality of Life Research, 15(10), 1597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-006-9001-7.
Chivate, P., Umate, M., Nimkar, S., & De Sousa, A. (2017). Gender differences in perceived stigma and hope in people living with HIV / AIDS: An exploratory study. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 4(2), 487-493. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170278.
Gilmore, N., & Somerville, M. A. (1994). Stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: overcoming 'them'and 'us'. Social Science & Medicine, 39(9), 1339-1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90365-4.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice&Hall.
Herrmann, S., McKinnon, E., Hyland, N. B., Lalanne, C., Mallal, S., Nolan, D., & Duracinsky, M. (2013). HIV-related stigma and physical symptoms have a persistent influence on health-related quality of life in Australians with HIV infection. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-56.
Holzemer, W. L., Uys, L. R., Chirwa, M. L., Greeff, M., Makoae, L. N., Kohi, T. W., & Wantland, D. (2007). Validation of the HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument PLWA (HASI-P). AIDS care, 19(8), 1002-1012. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120701245999.
Jeffe, D. B., Khan, S. R., Meredith, K. L., Schlesinger, M., Fraser, V. J., & Mundy, L. M. (2000). Disclosure of HIV status to medical providers: differences by gender," race," and immune function. Public Health Reports, 115(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/115.1.38.
Kalichman, S. C., DiMarco, M., Austin, J., Luke, W., & DiFonzo, K. (2003). Stress, social support, and HIV-status disclosure to family and friends among HIV-positive men and women. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(4), 315-332. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024252926930.
Kegeles, S. M., Coates, T. J., Christopher, T. A., & Lazarus, J. L. (1989). Perceptions of AIDS: The continuing saga of AIDS-related stigma. Aids, 3(1), S253-258. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-198901001-00035.
Kohli, R. M., Sane, S., Kumar, K., Paranjape, R. S., & Mehendale, S. M. (2005). Assessment of quality of life among HIV-infected persons in Pune, India. Quality of life Research, 14(6), 1641-1647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-004-7082-8.
Omangi, H. G. (1997). Stigmatization and discrimination in the context of HIV and AIDS in Kenya. Newsletter of African Network on Ethics, Law and HIV, 3, 4-5.
PNACP(2019). Pakistan National AIDS Control Programme Retrieved from http://www.nacp.gov.pk/index.html
Pereira Santos, F., Rute Oliveira Gurgel do Amaral, L., Lopes Nunes, S., de Andrade Arrais Rosa, C., Oliveira Milhomem Filho, E., Assunçã o Lima, V., & dos Santos, L. (2016). Evaluation of Quality of Life in Women with HIV/AIDS According to the HAT-QoL. International Archives Of Medicine, 9. https://doi.org/10.3823/2040.
Qiao, S., Li, X. & Stanton, B. Social Support and HIV-related Risk Behaviors: A Systematic Review of the Global Literature. AIDS Behav 18, 419-441 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0561-6.
Rajeev, K. H., Yuvaraj, B. Y., Gowda, M. N., & Ravikumar, S. M. (2012). Impact of HIV/AIDS on quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS in Chitradurga district, Karnataka. Indian Journal of Public Health, 56(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-557X.99901.
Rueda, S., Mitra, S., Chen, S., Gogolishvili, D., Globerman, J., Chambers, L., Wilson, M., Logie, C. H., Shi, Q., Morassaei, S., & Rourke, S. B. (2016). Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS: A series of meta-analyses. BMJ open, 6(7), e011453. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011453.
Sayles, J.N., Hays, R.D., Sarkisian, C.A., Spritzer, K.L., Cunningham, W.E., & Mahajan, A.P. (2008). Development and psychometric assessment of a multidimensional measure of internalized HIV stigma in a sample of HIV-positive adults. AIDS and Behaviour, 12(5), 748-758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9375-3.
Schmitz, M. F., & Crystal, S. (2000). Social Relations, Coping, and Psychological Distress Among Persons With HIV/AIDS 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(4), 665-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02818.x.
Tesfay, A., Gebremariam, A., Gerbaba, M., & Abrha, H. (2015). Gender differences in health related quality of life among people living with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Mekelle Town, Northern Ethiopia. BioMed Research International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/516369.
Udobong, R. (2015). Coping Strategy of Women with HIV-AIDS: Influence of Care-Giving, Family Social Attitude, and Effective Communication. Science Journal of Public Health. 3. 107. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150301.29.
UNAIDS (2000). HIV and AIDS-related stigmatization, discrimination and denial: Forms, contexts and determinants. Research studies from Uganda and India (prepared for UNAIDS by Peter Aggleton). Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS.
]item Visser, M.J., Kershaw, T., Makin, J.D., & Forsyth, B.W.C. (2008). Development of parallel scales to measure HIV-related stigma. AIDS and Behaviour, 12, 759- 771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9363-7.
Volinn, I. J. (1989). Issues of definitions and their implications: AIDS and leprosy. Social Science & Medicine, 29(10), 1157-1162. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(89)90358-4.
Vyavaharkar, M., Moneyham, L., Corwin, S., Tavakoli, A., Saunders, R., & Annang, L. (2011). HIV-disclosure, social support, and depression among HIV-infected African American women living in the rural southeastern United States. AIDS Education and Prevention, 23(1), 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2011.23.1.78.
Wani, M. A., & Sankar, R. (2017). Impact of social support on quality of life among AIDS patients in Kashmir province of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, 8(9), 729.
Warwick, I., Bharat, S., Castro, R., Garcia, R., Leshabari, M. T., Singhanetra-Renard, A., & Aggleton, P. (1998). Household and community responses to HIV and AIDS in developing countries. Critical Public Health, 8(4), 311-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581599808402918.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of personality assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2.
Published
2022-07-28
How to Cite
Nadia Hameed, & Prof. Dr. Erum Irshad. (2022). The Effect of Stigmatization on Perceived Social Support and Quality of Life among Hiv/Aids Patients: A Gender-Based Analysis. Journal of Management Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(4), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.33152/jmphss-6.4.6
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