Educational Disparity among Families living in Balochistan (Pakistan) on the Basis of Gender
Keywords:
Educational disparity, Gender, Discrimination, Male dominancy
Abstract
Education is the fundamental source that not only enhances knowledge but also builds the confidence of an individual. The development of any country utterly depends on its educational system, but unfortunately, the literacy ratio of education is low in Pakistan compared to other countries in Asia. The present study explores the educational disparity against girls based on gender in Pakistan. Geographically Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan and is instilled with the tribal system. The people of Balochistan strongly follow their cultural values strictly, where the male members of the society are only considered the head of their families. In patriarchal societies, males are authoritative and have the power of decisions over their women. In Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtoon Khaw, females are restricted merely to staying inside the house and strictly prohibited from taking their life’s decisions. Furthermore, the women are deprived of their rights. Education is the source of self-development and helps to progress in the country. The focus of this study is to highlight the educational discrimination against girls. The nature of the study is quantitative, and the respondents were selected from (Arts faculty) of all the degree colleges of Quetta city (capital of Baluchistan) through probability simple random sampling. The sample size was approximately 200 students from all degree colleges. Data were analyzed by the SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences). The p-value of .003 shows the relationship between gender discrimination and educational opportunities. Finally, the results demonstrated that families are not serious and are not paying any concentration on girls’ education. Girls do not have facilities at the family level, and the access to education for girls is not easy due to males’ superiority.
References
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Balatchandirane, G. (2003). Gender discrimination in education and economic development: A study of South Korea, China and India. International studies, 40(4), 349-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/002088170304000403
Bhattacharya, S. (2014). Status of women in Pakistan. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 51(1), 179-211.
Chowdhury, M. K. (1994). Mother's education and effect of son preference on fertility in Matlab, Bangladesh. Population Research and Policy Review, 13(3), 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01074337
Chung, W., & Das Gupta, M. (2007). Why is son preference declining in South Korea? The role of development and public policy, and the implications for China and India. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4373
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CA, H. A., Muneer, S., & Khan, A. (2020). A Descriptive Analysis of Barriers Faced by Females in Acquiring Higher Education; A Study of District Zhob, Baluchistan in Pakistan. Perennial Journal of History, 1(2), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v1i2.13
Das Gupta, M., Zhenghua, J., Bohua, L., Zhenming, X., Chung, W., & Hwa-Ok, B. (2003). Why is son preference so persistent in East and South Asia? A cross-country study of China, India and the Republic of Korea. The Journal of Development Studies, 40(2), 153-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331293807
Hakim, A., & Aziz, A. (1998). Socio-cultural, religious, and political aspects of the status of women in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 727-746. https://doi.org/10.30541/v37i4IIpp.727-746
Haque, M. R., Hasan, M. S., Alam, N., & Barkat, S. (2018). Fertility preferences in Bangladesh. In Family Demography in Asia. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hussain, R., Fikree, F. F., & Berendes, H. W. (2000). The role of son preference in reproductive behaviour in Pakistan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 379-388.
Hussain, R., & Bittles, A. H. (1998). The prevalence and demographic characteristics of consanguineous marriages in Pakistan. Journal of biosocial science, 30(2), 261-275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932098002612
Iqbal, H., Afzal, S., & Inayat, M. (2012). Gender Discrimination: Implications for Pakistan Security. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(4), 16-25.
Irfan, M., Anwar, S., Akram, W., & Waqar, I. (2013). Occupational gender segregation and its determinants, an analysis of Pakistan labor force market. American Journal of Educational Research, 1(7), 221-224. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-1-7-1
Javed, R., & Mughal, M. (2019). Have a son, gain a voice: Son preference and female participation in household decision making. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(12), 2526-2548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1516871
Jehan, N., Khan, F., & Sadiqa, B. A. (2021). Girls' Struggle for Education: An Exploratory Study from Tehsil Balambat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 15(4).
Jan, S. U. K., Ali, A., & Niqab, M. (2018). Cultural Constraints To Female Higher Education In Malakand Division, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies, 17(1), 203-218. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v17i1.17
Kazenin, K. (2021). Son preference, gender asymmetries and parity progressions: the case of Kyrgyzstan. Asian Population Studies, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2021.1992858
Lee, S. H., Johnson, K. J., & Lyu, J. (2020). Parental Education and Self-Rated Health among Older Adults. Journal of asian sociology, 49(4), 527-546.
Ledesma, J. R., Ma, J., Vongpradith, A., Maddison, E. R., Novotney, A., Biehl, M. H., ... & Kendrick, P. J. (2022). Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990-2019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 22(2), 222-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00449-7
Mehmood, S., Chong, L., & Hussain, M. (2018). Females Higher Education in Pakistan: An Analysis of Socio-Economic and Cultural Challenges. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.56.4658
Muchiri, S. (2021). Impact of Free/Subsidized Secondary School Education on the Likelihood of Teenage Motherhood. Demography, 58(4), 1401-1421. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9357498
Mustafa, S., Khan, M. S. A., & Jameel, K. (2016). Women Education in Pakistan: Is the Level Enough for Empowerment. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(8), 1747-1753.
Muhammad, N., & Askar, A. (2009). The genesis of gender bias in education: A case study in rural areas of Charsadda District. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 25(3), 517-521.
Moulabuksh, M., Rasheed, S., & Amir, S. (2021). Gender inequalities as a global issue and its effects on world development. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v4i3.280
Mishra, A., & Parasnis, J. (2022). Intentions for a third child: The role of parental sex composition preferences. Kyklos (Online first). https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12298
Malhotra, S. (2019). Tracing The Forms of Violence Against Gender in Patriarchal Society: A Study of Bapsi Sidhwa's The Pakistani Bride. IJCIRAS, 2(1), 75-76.
Nargis, A. R. A. (2012). Gender Discrimination in Education-A Barrier in Development of Female Education at Higher Secondary Level. DEZBATERI SOCIAL ECONOMICE. 2/2012.
Alam, S., & Nasir, H. (2016). Gender equality in education: case of major urbanizing areas of Pakistan. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 21(9), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2109091425
Nazir, M. A. (2017). Invisibility of women's productive work in labour statistics-special reference to Pakistan((Doctoral dissertation). IISS, Hague, Netherlands.
Noureen, G. (2011). Women's education in Pakistan: hidden fences on open frontiers. Asian Social Science, 7(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n2p79
Rabia, M., Tanveer, F., Gillani, M., Naeem, H., & Akbar, S. (2019). Gender inequality: A case study in Pakistan. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 7(03), 369. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.73031
Rasool, M. F., Akhtar, S., Hussain, I., Majeed, A., Imran, I., Saeed, H., ... & Alqhtani, H. (2021). A cross-sectional study to assess the frequency and risk factors associated with cesarean section in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168812
Sachdev, N. (2020). Women as a victim of patriarchal construct in the pakistani bride and water. International Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 5(2), 10-22.
Samar, N., & Ahmed, B. (2021). Gender disparity in education in the rural areas of Balochistan. Pakistan, 59(2), 1-16.
Sattar, T., Usman, A., & Saleem, U. (2019). Socio-reproductive and demographic factors affecting the decision making of ever married fertile females towards want of another child in future: A study of state based hospitals in Multan. Pakistan Isra Med J, 11(4), 252-256.
Tomasevski, K. (2006). Girls' education through a human rights lens: What can be done differently, what can be made better? Human Rights and Poverty Reduction: Realities, Controversies and Strategies, 15.
Tareen, H., & Muhammadi, A. (2021). Factors Limiting Afghan and Pakistani Girls' Access and Participation in Education. Open Access Library Journal, 8(6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1107488
Ullah, H. (2022). Post-Primary Girls Education in the Newly Merged Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Journal of Elementary Education, 31(2), 13-30.
Ali, T. S., Ali, S. S., Nadeem, S., Memon, Z., Soofi, S., Madhani, F., ... & Bhutta, Z. (2022). Perpetuation of Gender Discrimination in Pakistani Society: Results from a Qualitative Study Conducted in Three Provinces of Pakistan. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1399382/v1
Altuzarra, A., Gálvez-Gálvez, C., & González-Flores, A. (2021). Is gender inequality a barrier to economic growth? A panel data analysis of developing countries. Sustainability, 13(1), 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010367
Akram, N., Hamid, A., & Bashir, S. (2011). Gender differentials in education and their impact on economic growth of Pakistan. Journal of Business & Economics, 3(1), 102.
Anlimachie, M. A. (2016). Achieving Equity in Basic Education in Ghana; Contexts and Strategies (Master's thesis). University of Oslo, Norway.
Akram, N. (2018). Women's empowerment in Pakistan: Its dimensions and determinants. Social Indicators Research, 140(2), 755-775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1793-z
Balatchandirane, G. (2003). Gender discrimination in education and economic development: A study of South Korea, China and India. International studies, 40(4), 349-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/002088170304000403
Bhattacharya, S. (2014). Status of women in Pakistan. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 51(1), 179-211.
Chowdhury, M. K. (1994). Mother's education and effect of son preference on fertility in Matlab, Bangladesh. Population Research and Policy Review, 13(3), 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01074337
Chung, W., & Das Gupta, M. (2007). Why is son preference declining in South Korea? The role of development and public policy, and the implications for China and India. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4373
Chun, H., & Das Gupta, M. (2021). Not a bowl of rice, but tender loving care: From aborting girls to preferring daughters in South Korea. Asian Population Studies, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2021.1944408
CA, H. A., Muneer, S., & Khan, A. (2020). A Descriptive Analysis of Barriers Faced by Females in Acquiring Higher Education; A Study of District Zhob, Baluchistan in Pakistan. Perennial Journal of History, 1(2), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v1i2.13
Das Gupta, M., Zhenghua, J., Bohua, L., Zhenming, X., Chung, W., & Hwa-Ok, B. (2003). Why is son preference so persistent in East and South Asia? A cross-country study of China, India and the Republic of Korea. The Journal of Development Studies, 40(2), 153-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331293807
Hakim, A., & Aziz, A. (1998). Socio-cultural, religious, and political aspects of the status of women in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 727-746. https://doi.org/10.30541/v37i4IIpp.727-746
Haque, M. R., Hasan, M. S., Alam, N., & Barkat, S. (2018). Fertility preferences in Bangladesh. In Family Demography in Asia. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hussain, R., Fikree, F. F., & Berendes, H. W. (2000). The role of son preference in reproductive behaviour in Pakistan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 379-388.
Hussain, R., & Bittles, A. H. (1998). The prevalence and demographic characteristics of consanguineous marriages in Pakistan. Journal of biosocial science, 30(2), 261-275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932098002612
Iqbal, H., Afzal, S., & Inayat, M. (2012). Gender Discrimination: Implications for Pakistan Security. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(4), 16-25.
Irfan, M., Anwar, S., Akram, W., & Waqar, I. (2013). Occupational gender segregation and its determinants, an analysis of Pakistan labor force market. American Journal of Educational Research, 1(7), 221-224. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-1-7-1
Javed, R., & Mughal, M. (2019). Have a son, gain a voice: Son preference and female participation in household decision making. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(12), 2526-2548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1516871
Jehan, N., Khan, F., & Sadiqa, B. A. (2021). Girls' Struggle for Education: An Exploratory Study from Tehsil Balambat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 15(4).
Jan, S. U. K., Ali, A., & Niqab, M. (2018). Cultural Constraints To Female Higher Education In Malakand Division, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies, 17(1), 203-218. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v17i1.17
Kazenin, K. (2021). Son preference, gender asymmetries and parity progressions: the case of Kyrgyzstan. Asian Population Studies, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2021.1992858
Lee, S. H., Johnson, K. J., & Lyu, J. (2020). Parental Education and Self-Rated Health among Older Adults. Journal of asian sociology, 49(4), 527-546.
Ledesma, J. R., Ma, J., Vongpradith, A., Maddison, E. R., Novotney, A., Biehl, M. H., ... & Kendrick, P. J. (2022). Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990-2019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 22(2), 222-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00449-7
Mehmood, S., Chong, L., & Hussain, M. (2018). Females Higher Education in Pakistan: An Analysis of Socio-Economic and Cultural Challenges. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.56.4658
Muchiri, S. (2021). Impact of Free/Subsidized Secondary School Education on the Likelihood of Teenage Motherhood. Demography, 58(4), 1401-1421. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9357498
Mustafa, S., Khan, M. S. A., & Jameel, K. (2016). Women Education in Pakistan: Is the Level Enough for Empowerment. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(8), 1747-1753.
Muhammad, N., & Askar, A. (2009). The genesis of gender bias in education: A case study in rural areas of Charsadda District. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 25(3), 517-521.
Moulabuksh, M., Rasheed, S., & Amir, S. (2021). Gender inequalities as a global issue and its effects on world development. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v4i3.280
Mishra, A., & Parasnis, J. (2022). Intentions for a third child: The role of parental sex composition preferences. Kyklos (Online first). https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12298
Malhotra, S. (2019). Tracing The Forms of Violence Against Gender in Patriarchal Society: A Study of Bapsi Sidhwa's The Pakistani Bride. IJCIRAS, 2(1), 75-76.
Nargis, A. R. A. (2012). Gender Discrimination in Education-A Barrier in Development of Female Education at Higher Secondary Level. DEZBATERI SOCIAL ECONOMICE. 2/2012.
Alam, S., & Nasir, H. (2016). Gender equality in education: case of major urbanizing areas of Pakistan. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 21(9), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2109091425
Nazir, M. A. (2017). Invisibility of women's productive work in labour statistics-special reference to Pakistan((Doctoral dissertation). IISS, Hague, Netherlands.
Noureen, G. (2011). Women's education in Pakistan: hidden fences on open frontiers. Asian Social Science, 7(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n2p79
Rabia, M., Tanveer, F., Gillani, M., Naeem, H., & Akbar, S. (2019). Gender inequality: A case study in Pakistan. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 7(03), 369. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.73031
Rasool, M. F., Akhtar, S., Hussain, I., Majeed, A., Imran, I., Saeed, H., ... & Alqhtani, H. (2021). A cross-sectional study to assess the frequency and risk factors associated with cesarean section in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168812
Sachdev, N. (2020). Women as a victim of patriarchal construct in the pakistani bride and water. International Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 5(2), 10-22.
Samar, N., & Ahmed, B. (2021). Gender disparity in education in the rural areas of Balochistan. Pakistan, 59(2), 1-16.
Sattar, T., Usman, A., & Saleem, U. (2019). Socio-reproductive and demographic factors affecting the decision making of ever married fertile females towards want of another child in future: A study of state based hospitals in Multan. Pakistan Isra Med J, 11(4), 252-256.
Tomasevski, K. (2006). Girls' education through a human rights lens: What can be done differently, what can be made better? Human Rights and Poverty Reduction: Realities, Controversies and Strategies, 15.
Tareen, H., & Muhammadi, A. (2021). Factors Limiting Afghan and Pakistani Girls' Access and Participation in Education. Open Access Library Journal, 8(6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1107488
Ullah, H. (2022). Post-Primary Girls Education in the Newly Merged Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Journal of Elementary Education, 31(2), 13-30.
Published
2022-05-25
How to Cite
Shabana Muhammad Anwar, Anam Aqil Khan, & Qurratulain Sardar. (2022). Educational Disparity among Families living in Balochistan (Pakistan) on the Basis of Gender. Journal of Management Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(3), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.33152/jmphss-6.3.6
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